We have developed a device for measuring of parameters of thermal lens (TL) in laser active elements under longitudinal diode pumping. The measurements are based on the probe beam method. This device allows one to determine sign and optical power of the lens in the principal meridional planes, its sensitivity factor with respect to the absorbed pump power and astigmatism degree, fractional heat loading which make it possible to estimate integral impact of the photoelastic effect to the formation of TL in the laser element. The measurements are performed in a linearly polarized light at the wavelength of 532 nm. Pumping of the laser element is performed at 960 nm that makes it possible to study laser materials doped with Yb3+ and (Er3+, Yb3+) ions. The precision of measurements: for sensitivity factor of TL – 0,1 m-1/W, for astigmatism degree – 0,2 m-1/W, for fractional heat loading – 5 %, for the impact of the photoelastic effect – 0,5 × 10-6 K-1. This device is used for characterization of thermal lens in the laser active element from an yttrium vanadate crystal, Er3+,Yb3+:YVO .

 It is known that the discharge parameters and the chemical composition of the particles flux impinging onto the substrate during a reactive magnetron sputtering are unstable. As a result spontaneous transitions between the «metal» mode of the target surface and the «poisoned» mode of the target surface have been observed. This leads to nonrepeatability of the coating compositions from process to process. The aim of this work is to design a gas flow control system for reactive sputtering processes. The control system allows to maintain a steady nonequilibrium state of the magnetron discharge in transition mode where the chemical state of the target surface is unstable. The intensities of spectral lines of the discharge spectrum are proposed as control parameters. Photodiode detectors were used for registration of intensities of spectral lines. A gas flow control system regulates argon and reactive gas flow automatically, using feedback signals from photodiode detectors on the intensities of the spectral lines, vacuum gauge, ion current sensor, sensors of discharge current and voltage. As an example, the process of reactive magnetron Ti-Al-N deposition is considered. The following discharge parameters are controlled during sputtering a composite target based on Ti with Al cylindrical inserts: current, voltage, total pressure of a gas mixture, substrate temperature, bias voltage and current of the substrate. Nitrogen flow was controlled by the spectral line intensity of titanium TiI 506,5 nm. The value of the line intensity is connected with the value of reactivity. Elemental composition and structure of the Ti-Al-N coatings were studied using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was found, that stoichiometric Ti-Al-N coatings have a globular structure, enhanced hardness and low friction coefficient in contrast to Ti-Al-N coatings with nonstoichiometric composition, which have a columnar structure. As result, it was shown, that a gas flow control system allows to control stoichiometry composition and physical properties of the deposited coating. 

During photometric measurements involving the use of photometric lamps it is necessary that the filament of lamp takes a strictly predetermined position with respect to the photodetector and the optical axis of the photometric setup. The errors in positioning of alignment filament with respect to the optical axis of the measuring system lead to increase the uncertainty of measurement of the photometric characteristics of the light sources. A typical method for alignment of filament of photometric lamps is based on the use a diopter tubes (telescopes). Using this method, the mounting of filament to the required position is carried out by successive approximations, which requires special concentration and a lot of time. The aim of this work is to develop an apparatus for alignment which allows simultaneous alignment of the filament of lamps in two mutually perpendicular planes. The method and apparatus for alignment of the photometric lamp filament during measurements of the photometric characteristics of light sources based on two digital video cameras is described in this paper. The apparatus allows to simultaneously displaying the image of lamps filament on the computer screen in two mutually perpendicular planes. The apparatus eliminates a large number of functional units requiring elementwise alignment and reduces the time required to carry out the alignment. The apparatus also provides the imaging of lamps filament with opaque coated on the bulb. The apparatus is used at the National standard of light intensity and illuminance units of the Republic of Belarus. 

Periodic vibration in the form of distorted sine wave or other complex shapes are most common in the real moving objects, where the device can be exploited on the basis of flexible modules. This kind of exposure directly affects the reliability of the construction in general. The objective of the work was the creation of an experimental device for the study of mechanical vibrations and the dependencies of their impact on the operated device.Research of mechanical vibrations and the dependencies of their influence on the device will allow finding solutions to the problems of reliability of radio electronic devices. It developed an experimental device and automatic adaptive system for control own resonant frequency of the flexible module. As a result of the experiments has been identified according to mechanical influences on the output parameters of the devices. This will take into account and to apply this experience in the design and manufacture of devices with the use of flexible printed circuit boards. 

The problem of developing a sensor for measuring of moment forces of inertia and gravitation with minimal noise and minimal rigidity of the torsion suspension of proof mass (PM) is formulated. The possibility to solve this problem by a differential capacitive system, which simultaneously provides forming of the useful signal and reducing the torsion rigidity is shown. Sensor’s electromechanical circuit with differential electrostatic system is described. Method of calculating the electrostatic capacitance of the capacitor with an inclined plate is proposed. Calculations of electrical and mechanical forces moment acting on the movable plate of the differential capacitor in quasi-static mode are performed. It is shown that the main factor leading to the pull-in effect in the differential capacitor is the asymmetry of electrostatic system. The coefficient of asymmetry of the differential electrostatic system is introduced. The dependence on voltage of the resonance frequency of the sensor is received. The areas of the quasi-static stability of the system are calculated. It is shown that their boundaries are determined by the value of the coefficient of asymmetry, as well as by the value of the resonant frequency of the PM. It is shown that for reducing the resonant frequency of the sensor in more then ten times an unrealistically low values of the coefficient of asymmetry are required. 

Spectral properties of a number of three-component organic dyes of various classes solutions subjected to radiation by gamma and x-ray radiation are investigated. Based on the criteria for the selection of multi-component dye solutions for radiation defectoscopy (presence of dyes intense absorption bands in the visible region of the spectrum, good solubility in the selected solvent, no chemical interaction with each other and with the product of dyes radiation degradation, a significant difference in the rates of radiation degradation of dyes, low feding), it shows that the most promising solutions of the following pairs of dyes (one of which absorbs short-wave, the other – in the longer wavelengths of the visible spectrum): acid yellow fast light + acid green anthraquinone N2B, acid yellow fast light + acid bright blue G, trypaflavine + methylene blue, acid scarlet + methylene blue, uraninite + methylene blue, rhodamine 6G + acid bright blue G, eosin sodium + acid bright blue G, eosin sodium + acid green anthraquinone N2B, lanazol orange + acid bright blue G , lanazol orange + acid green anthraquinone N2B. 

The situation when the metal structure is subjected to the simultaneous impact of two or more sources of simple stress is common in mechanical engineering, aviation and civil engineering. The fatigue life of the material by the impact of Biharmonic loading is 1.5‒4 times lower than in single-frequency operation loading. Unlike the single-frequency loading under Biharmonic loading degradation of the material is accelerated because of the intensification of the process of fatigue damage accumulation. Description of the process of damage accumulation of fatigue in the material under biharmonic loading is closer to the real situation. The aim of the workis ‒ to create an effective setting for testing of ferromagnetic samples for fatigue and durability. To achieve the objectives small-sized laboratory facility for testing ferromagnetic sample flexural fatigue developed and produced. Studies have been conducted using the method of magnetic Barkhausen effect. The article describes the design and its basic characteristics, as well as the basic technical characteristics the sample. The principle of operation is based on the bi-harmonic load acting on both ends of the sample. The device use two electric motors with two special agents of power, based on the use of rolling bearings. Installation and testing of samples by the method of independent regulation of dual-frequency cyclic loading allows to simulate the condition of the test sample in the approximation to the real working conditions. This allows a detailed investigation of fracture toughness of the material, the stages of fatigue crack propagation and identify new patterns of development of fatigue. Unlike analog unit has small dimensions and weight (the length of the sample does not exceed 20 cm, width – 13 cm, height – 25 cm, weight of the unit is 12 kg). Use of the setting can improve performance and reliability of tests in two times.

Development of heat and mass transfer intensifiers is a major engineering task in the design of new and modernization of existing fuel assemblies. These devices create lateral mass flow of coolant. Design of intensifiers affects both the coolant mixing and the hydraulic resistance. The aim of this work is to develop a methodology of measuring coolant local velocity in the fuel assembly models with different mixing grids. To solve the problems was manufactured and calibrated multihole pressure probe. The air flow velocity measuring method with multihole pressure probe was used in the experimental studies on the coolant local hydrodynamics in fuel assemblies with mixing grids. Analysis of the coolant lateral velocity vector fields allowed to study the formation of the secondary vortex flows behind the mixing grids, and to determine the basic laws of coolant flow in experimental models. Quantitative data on the coolant flow velocity distribution obtained with a multihole pressure probe make possible to determine the magnitude of the flow lateral velocities in fuel rod gaps, as well as to determine the distance at which damping occurs during mixing. 

Dimensional machining technology is based on the use of integrated geometric parameters of machined surfaces. Technological impact of a pick results in oxidation processes and changes in physic-chemical parameters of surface. Control of only geometric parameters is insufficient to describe characteristics of machining and formation of ultra-smooth surfaces. The electron work function is therefore used. The aim of the work was to study electrophysical states of optic surfaces of non-ferrous metals and alloys in relation to geometric and physic-chemical parameters according to the distribution of the electron work function over the surface. We conducted the study on experimental metal samples made of copper and aluminum alloy, machined in accordance with the diamond nanomachining technology. The diamond nanomachining technology would be capable of ensuring the roughness of non-ferrous metals and alloys machined at the level of Ra ≤ 0,005 µm. Modernized Kelvin probe was used as the registration technique of the changes of the electron work function over the surface. Dependence between the electron work function value, as well as its alteration and the physicchemical and geometric parameters of a surface has been determined. It has been shown that the diamond nanomachining technology makes it possible to obtain electro-physically uniform optical surfaces on copper and aluminum alloy with the minimal range of the distribution of the electric potential over the surface. 

Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are used to replace the natural crystalline lens of the eye. Just few basic designs of IOLs are used clinically. Multiorder diffractive lenses (MODL) which operate simultaneously in several diffractive orders were proposed to decrease the chromatic aberration. Properties analysis of MODL showed a possibility to use them to develop new designs of IOLs. The purpose of this paper was to develop a new method of designing of multiorder intraocular lenses with decreased chromatic aberration. The theoretical research of the lens properties was carried out. The diffraction efficiency dependence with the change of wavelength was studied. A computer simulation of MODL in a schematic model of the human eye was carried out. It is found the capability of the multiorder diffractive lenses to focus polychromatic light into a segment on the optical axis with high diffraction efficiency. At each point of the segment is present each component of the spectral range, which will build a color image in combination. The paper describes the new design method of intraocular lenses with reduced chromaticism and with endless adaptation. An optical system of an eye with an intraocular lens that provides sharp vision of objects located at a distance of 700 mm to infinity is modeled.

Rare-earth doped crystals with broad bands of gain spectra are attractive for femtosecond laser applications. Therefore, for this purposes crystals with disordered structure are of great interest. In this article we investigate laser-related spectroscopic properties of new trigonal crystals Nd3+:Ca10K(VO4 )7 (Nd:CKV), Nd3+:Ca9 La(VO4 )7 (Nd:CLaV) и Nd3+:Ca10Li(VO4 )7 (Nd:CLiV). The Füchtbauer-Ladenburg equation and the integral reciprocity method were applied for determination of stimulated emission cross section spectra for Nd3+ ions. The maximum values of emission cross sections and bandwidth (FWHM) near λ = 1,07 μm are 9,33·10 -20cm2 (σ – polarization, Nd:CKV) and 30 nm (π – polarization, Nd:CKV), near λ = 1,35 μm – 1,55·1020cm2 and 50 nm (π – polarization, Nd:CKV). The broad and smooth bands of the gain spectra in the regions near 1,07 and 1,35 μm make it possible to generate ultra short light pulses with duration of about 60 fs (1,07 µm) and 45 fs (1,35  µm) in the mode-locking regime. 

The correlation processing of optical digital images of expert research objects is promising to improve the quality, reliability and representativeness of the research. The development of computer algorithms for expert investigations by using correlation analysis methods for solving such problems of criminology, as a comparison of color-tone image parameters impressions of seals and stamps, and measurement of the rifling profile trace of the barrel on the bullet is the purpose of the work. A method and software application for measurement of linear, angular and altitude characteristics of the profile (micro relief) of the rifling traces of the barrel on the bullet for judicial-ballistic tests is developed. Experimental results testify to a high overall performance of the developed program application and confirm demanded accuracy of spent measurements. Technique and specialized program application for the comparison of color-tone image parameters impressions of seals and stamps, reflecting degree and character of painting substance distribution in strokes has been developed. It improves presentation and objectivity of tests, and also allows to reduce their carrying out terms. The technique of expert interpretation of correlation analysis results has been offered. Reliability of the received results has been confirmed by experimental researches and has been checked up by means of other methods.

To ensure the safety of radiation oncology patients needed to provide a consistent functional characteristics of the medical linear electron accelerators, which affect the accuracy of dose delivery. To this end, their quality control procedures, which include the calibration of radiation output of the linear accelerator, the error in determining the dose reference value during which must not exceed 2 %, is provided. The aim is to develop a methodology for determining the error in determining this value, depending on the mechanical charachteristics of the linac’s gantry. To achieve the objectives have been carried out dosimetric measurements of Trilogy S/N 3567 linac dose distributions, on the basis of which dose errors depending on the accuracy setting the zero position of the gantry and the deviation of the gantry rotation isocenter were obtained. It was found that the greatest impact on the value of the error has gantry rotation isocenter deviation in a plane perpendicular to the plane of incidence of the radiation beam (up to 3,64% for the energy of 6 MeV). Dose errors caused by tilting the gantry and its isocenter deviation in the plane of incidence of the beam were highest for 18 MeV energy and reached –0,7 % and –0,9 % respectively. Thus, it is possible to express the results of periodic quality control of the linear accelerator ganty in terms of dose and use them to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the possibility of clinical use of a linear accelerator for oncology patients irradiation in case of development of techniques that allow to analyze the influence of the rest of its technical and dosimetric parameters for error in dose.

Computer simulation of the initial fire stages in closed compartment with the volume of ≈ 60 m3 and with a burner on a floor and 2 m above floor have been carried using FDS software. Fires with different t 2 –power low heat release rates have been modeled. Fires which growth times to reach 1055 kW were 100 s and 500 s have been considered as fast and slow fires respectively. Dynamics of heat release rates and detected fire factors such as spatial distributions of air temperature, smoke obscuration and variations of indoor pressure have been studied. It has been obtained that dynamics of heat release rates of the initial fire stages in closed compartment consists of two stages. During the first stage the heat release rate is proportional to mass burning rate and flaming occurs only above a burner. At the second stage dynamics of heat release rates has a form of irregular in amplitude and duration pulsations, which are caused by self-ignition in the smoke layer. The compartment air volume may be layered with respect to the height and every layer has its oven temperature, smoke obscuration, self-ignition areas have been shown. The layer thickness, gradients of temperature and obscuration depend on a fire growth rate and on a burner height above floor have been concluded. The spatial distributions of air temperature and pressure variation have the opposite gradients on a height have been obtained. Maximal pressure variation and its gradient occurs under the fast fire with a burner on a floor have been obtained too. 

Thermal performance of electronic devices determines the stability and reliability of the equipment. This leads to the need for a detailed thermal analysis of semiconductor devices. The goal of the work is evaluation of thermal parameters of high-power bipolar transistors in plastic packages TO-252 and TO-126 by a method of thermal relaxation differential spectrometry. Thermal constants of device elements and distribution structure of thermal resistance defined as discrete and continuous spectra using previously developed relaxation impedance spectrometer. Continuous spectrum, based on higher-order derivatives of the dynamic thermal impedance, follows the model of Foster, and discrete to model of Cauer. The structure of sample thermal resistance is presented in the form of siх-chain electro-thermal RC model. Analysis of the heat flow spreading in the studied structures is carried out on the basis of the concept of thermal diffusivity. For transistor structures the area and distribution of the heat flow cross-section are determined. On the basis of the measurements the thermal parameters of high-power bipolar transistors is evaluated, in particular, the structure of their thermal resistance. For all of the measured samples is obtained that the thermal resistance of the layer planting crystal makes a defining contribution to the internal thermal resistance of transistors. In the transition layer at the border of semiconductor-solder the thermal resistance increases due to changes in the mechanism of heat transfer. Defects in this area in the form of delamination of solder, voids and cracks lead to additional growth of thermal resistance caused by the reduction of the active square of the transition layer. Method of thermal relaxation differential spectrometry allows effectively control the distribution of heat flow in high-power semiconductor devices, which is important for improving the design, improve the quality of landing crystals of power electronics products to reduce overheating. 

The article considers the issue of measurement of dynamic variables of open nonlinear dynamical systems. Most of real physical and biological systems in the surrounding world are the nonlinear dynamic systems. The spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal structures are formed in such systems because of dissipation. The collective effects that associated with the processes of self-organization and evolution are possible there too. The objective of this research is a compilation of the Shannon entropy measurement equations for case of nonlinear dynamical systems. It’s proposed to use the interval mathematics methods for this. It is shown that the measurement and measurement results analysis for variables with complex dynamics, as a rule, cannot be described by classical metrological approaches, that metrological documents, for example GUM, contain. The reason of this situation is the mismatch between the classical mathematical and physical approaches on the one hand and processes that occur in real dynamic systems on the other hand. For measurement of nonlinear dynamical systems variables the special measurement model and measurement results analysis model are created. They are based on Open systems theory, Dynamical chaos theory and Information theory. It’s proposed to use the fractal, entropic and temporal scales as tools for evaluation of a systems state. As a result of research the Shannon entropy measurement equations, based on interval representations of measurement results. are created, like for an individual dynamic variable as for nonlinear dynamic system. It is shown that the measurement equations, based on interval mathematics methods, contains the exact solutions and allows take into account full uncertainty. The new results will complement the measurement model and the measurement results analysis model for case of nonlinear dynamic systems.