Important tasks of modern space research are the study and continuous observations of the processes of cosmic and meteorological «weather». One of the electronic devices for carrying out such researches is a plasma sensor based on Faraday cup. The purpose of the work was to develop a constructive variant of the Faraday cup with precision sensitive (selective) elements in the form of metal grid microstructures and a four-sector collector, which has no analogues in the world technology.

For the formation of grid nickel microstructures, a process has been developed for creating a matrix of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide by photolithography as a precision shape (template) for depositing nanostructured metal layers. Methods for conducting testing for mechanical (vibrational) and thermocyclic impact that satisfies the requirements for space instruments have been developed.

The grid microstructures are formed in a unified technological cycle with the production of ring-holders along the perimeter of the grid, with a square 20 × 20 μm2 section of the web and square cells with a size of 1 × 1 mm2. The transparency of each of the grids was more than 90 % for the normal incidence of light. Dimensions of holders and grid microstructures: internal diameters (34, 47, 60) ± 0.1 mm, external diameters of rings (42, 55, 68) ± 0.1 mm, respectively. The weight of one grid was less than 50 mg.

The test results demonstrated the operability of the developed grid microstructures with multiple thermocyclic actions from –50 to +150 °C and vibrational and static overloads specific for space flights. Instruments for plasma measurements in the near of the Earth and in the interplanetary space will comprise six sensors with different angular orientations. This will make it possible to detect ions of cosmic plasma in a solid angle of about 180°.

Measuring the characteristics of process fluids allows us to evaluate their quality, biological tissues – to differentiate healthy tissues and tissues with pathologies. Measuring the characteristics of process fluids allows us to evaluate their quality, biological tissues – to differentiate healthy tissues and tissues with pathologies. One of the complex acoustic parameters is the impedance, which allows one to fully evaluate the characteristics of viscoelastic media. Most of impedance methods of measurements require using two or more reference media and the availability of calibrated acoustic transducers. The aim of this work ware introduced a methods and construction for the experimental evaluation of the longitudinal and shear impedance of viscoelastic media based on measuring the parameters of the amplitude-frequency characteristics and calculating the elements of the electric circuit for replacing the piezoelectric element which vibrating in the test medium.

The paper introduces a methods and construction of the experimental evaluation of the impedances of viscoelastic media. The suggested methods is allowed measuring longitudinal and shear impedances and determining velocities of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic waves and the values of the elastic moduli of viscoelastic media, including in various aggregate states. The technique is fairly simple to implement and can be reproduced using simple laboratory equipment.

The obtained values of the acoustic impedances of the investigated media are in satisfactory agreement with their reference data. In contrast to the known methods for determining the acoustic impedance, the developed technique allows us to estimate with sufficient accuracy the parameter of the shear impedance of viscoelastic media that is difficult to measure at the frequencies of the megahertz range, which determines the shear modulus of the material and characterizes its resistance to shear deformations. The results of the implementation of the developed technique for the estimation of acoustic parameters for a number of media with zero shear elasticity (alcohol, acetone) and viscoelastic media (glycerin, architectural clay, silicone sealant and glue МР-55 before and after polymerization) are presented.

Recently, efforts to improve optical characteristics in canonical mirror systems, including aspherical surfaces and corrective aberration capabilities. At the same time, much attention is paid to the development of new optical schemes of two-mirror objectives. Development measures to protect the image plane from stray light and harmful flows with minimal vignetting and screening is one of the most perspective ways for improving the image quality objectives. The only method to eliminate or even reduce these non-constructive rays is to set glare stops. The aim of the work was an improving method for constructing a glare stop to protect the image plane and the creation of a calculation algorithm of glare stop for protecting the image plane based on two-mirror extra-focal objectives.

The study was conducted in two stages. In the course of the first stage, the positions of screening and intermediate image plane were obtained, as well as the central screening coefficient. At the second stage, an arrangement for the position of glare stop is proposed using the algorithm calculation. Thus, mathematical expressions were achieved by geometric constructions. The relation of the screening coefficient with the distance between the surfaces of the mirrors and the height of the paraxial rays is established. А representation of vignetting diagram for two-mirror extra-focal objective with D/f´ = 1 : 1,3 and 2ω = 4° was realized. The Q estimation of vignetting of inclined light beams is k= 0,56.

Directional patterns measurement of antennas is carried out by the methods of far and near zone. Measurements in the far zone are straightforward; however they have a number of disadvantages. Near zone measurement methods are free from measurement shortcomings in the far zone, but it requires complex and expensive equipment for its implementation.

Earlier, the authors have developed a concept of hardware and software modular design complex to determine antenna system characteristics as per measurements in the near zone. This concept assumes creation of a universal measuring complex to investigate various types of antenna systems with any type of measurement surface (plane, cylinder, sphere) in order to solve a wide range of applied problems. The purpose of this work lies in practical implementation of a variant of this measuring complex for measurement along the plane and determination of its metrological (hardware and software) capabilities.

A working experimental sample of hardware and software complex for measuring the characteristics of antenna systems that realizes a radio-holographic method for measuring along a plane has been developed, created and practically tested. A preliminary estimation of errors in amplitude and phase measurements in the dynamic range of 45 dB and a comparison of the characteristics of several types of antennas measured in far and near zones have been made. Algorithms have been developed, a software for processing, storing and graphical display of measurement results has been created.

Introduction of submicron design standards into microelectronic industry and a decrease of the gate dielectric thickness raise the importance of the analysis of microinhomogeneities in the silicon-silicon dioxide system. However, there is very little to no information on practical implementation of probe electrometry methods, and particularly scanning Kelvin probe method, in the interoperational control of real semiconductor manufacturing process. The purpose of the study was the development of methods for nondestructive testing of semiconductor wafers based on the determination of electrophysical properties of the silicon-silicon dioxide interface and their spatial distribution over wafer’s surface using non-contact probe electrometry methods.

Traditional C-V curve analysis and scanning Kelvin probe method were used to characterize silicon- silicon dioxide interface. The samples under testing were silicon wafers of KEF 4.5 and KDB 12 type (orientation <100>, diameter 100 mm).

Probe electrometry results revealed uniform spatial distribution of wafer’s surface potential after its preliminary rapid thermal treatment. Silicon-silicon dioxide electric potential values were also higher after treatment than before it. This potential growth correlates with the drop in interface charge density. At the same time local changes in surface potential indicate changes in surface layer structure.

Probe electrometry results qualitatively reflect changes of interface charge density in silicon-silicon dioxide structure during its technological treatment. Inhomogeneities of surface potential distribution reflect inhomogeneity of damaged layer thickness and can be used as a means for localization of interface treatment defects.

The effectiveness of correction of the dynamic characteristics of gas temperature sensors in automatic control systems for the operation of aircraft gas turbine engines depends on the accuracy of the time constants of the sensors used from heat exchange conditions. The aim of this work was to develop a new method for determining the characteristic curves of the thermal inertia of gas temperature sensors.
The new technique does not require finding the time constants of gas temperature sensors on the experimental transient characteristics. Characteristic curves for each time constant are defined as hyperbolic dependencies on the heat transfer coefficient of the gas temperature sensors sensing element with the gas flow. Parameters of hyperbolic dependencies are proposed to be established using two-dimensional regression analysis. For this purpose, special software has been developed in the Mathcad 14 and Mathcad 15. The software allows inputting the original data from the transient characteristics to the corresponding vectors or from tables in Excel format. It is shown that the transient characteristics in three-dimensional coordinates
«time – heat transfer coefficient – the value of the transition characteristic» form a surface whose parameters are parameters of the desired hyperbolic dependencies.
For a specific application of the technique, the regression functions for the dynamic characteristics of gas temperature sensors corresponding to the first and second orders are given. Analysis of the characteristic dependencies suggests that the proposed method more accurately establishes the dependence of the dynamic characteristics of aircraft gas temperature sensors on heat exchange conditions.
It is shown that the algorithm of two-dimensional regression analysis realizes finding more accurate values of the parameters of the characteristic dependencies. The found parameters of the characteristic dependencies in a best way reach the surface of the chosen regression function at the same time to all the experimental transient characteristics.

The application of thick-layer nickel (up to 700 μm) and chromium (up to 200 μm) coatings has been widely used to give the combustion chamber of a liquid-propellant rocket engine the required operational properties. The main parameter that determines the ability of a coating to fulfill its function is its thickness and uniformity of its distribution. The main problem of current nondestructive methods for determining the thickness of coatings under consideration is that they can be used only at the stage of production of rocket engineering products, when there is an access to the product from the side of the inner wall of the combustion chamber before and after applying a chromium coating to the nickel sublayer. However, when an already finished product arrives at subsequent stages of assembly to another enterprise, there is often a need of incoming control of the thicknesses of coatings from nickel and chromium. In this case, it is not possible to apply existing control techniques to a finished product, or the use of these techniques leads to unacceptable errors in the results of measurements. The goal of the research was to develop a technique for nondestructive determination of the thickness of each component of the two-layer nickel-chromium coating by the magnetic ponderomotive method under conditions of unilateral access to the finished product from the side of the chromium coating.

A new technique for nondestructive determination of the thicknesses of nickel and chromium coatings of the double-layer structure on a finished product without a priori data on the properties or thicknesses of these coatings or a product in general is proposed using a magnetic ponderomotive method.

This newly developed technique is implemented in the thickness gauge TEP-XN1 of double-layer nickel- chromium coatings, which is successfully used by enterprises of the rocket and space industry of the Russian Federation.

Designing remote sensing of the Earth devices is requires a lot of attention to evaluation lens distortion level and providing the required accuracy values of geometric calibration of optoelectronic systems at all. Test- objects known as most common tools for optical systems geometric calibration. The purpose of the research was creating an automatically method of distortion correction coefficients calculating with a 3 μm precision in the measurement process. The method of geometric calibration of the internal orientation elements of the optical system based on the electronic test object is proposed. The calculation of the test string brightness image from its multispectral image and filtered signal extrema position determination are presented. Ratio of magnitude of the distortion and interval center is given. Three variants of electronic test-objects with different step and element size are considered. Оptimal size of calibration element was defined as 3×3 pixels due to shape of the subpixels with the aspect ratio of the radiating areas about 1 : 3. It is advisable to use IPS as an electronic test object template. An experimental test and measurement stand functional diagram based on the collimator and optical bench «OSK-2CL» is showed. It was determined that test objects with a grid spacing of 4 and 8 pixels can’t provide tolerable image because of non-collimated emission of active sites and scattering on optical surfaces – the shape of the elements is substantially disrupted. Test-object with a 12 pixels grid spacing was used to distortion level analyzing as most suitable.

Ratio of coordinate increment and element number graphs for two photographic lenses (Canon EF-S 17-85 f/4-5.6 IS USM and EF-S 18-55 f/3.5-5.6 IS II) are presented. A calculation of the distortion values in edge zones was held, which were respectively 43 μm and 51.6 μm. The technique and algorithm of software implementation is described. Possible directions of the method development are mentioned.

At present for analysis of the homogeneity of materials properties are becoming widely used various modifications of a scanning Kelvin probe. These methods allow mapping the spatial distribution of the electrostatic potential. Analysis of the electropotential profile is not sufficient to describe any specific physical parameters of the polymer nanocomposites. Therefore, we use an external energy impact, such as light. Purpose of paper is the modification of the Kelvin scanning probe and the conduct of experimental studies of the spatial distribution and response of the electrostatic potential of the actual polymer nanocomposites to the optical probing.

Carried out the investigations on experimental Low density polyethylene composites. Carbon nanomaterials and nanoparticles of silicon dioxide or aluminum as fillers are used. As a result, maps of the spatial distribution of the electrostatic potential relative values and the surface photovoltage. Statistical analysis of the electrophysical and photoelectric properties homogeneity, depending on the component composition of the composites carried out. In addition, with reference to matrix polymers, the Kelvin scanning probe, in combination with the optical probing, made it possible to detect a piezoelectric effect. The latter, can used as a basis for the development of new methods for studying the mechanical properties of matrix polymers.

Objects quality is usually assessed by a complex indicator. It includes single quality indicators with their significance factors. The convolution of the corresponding dependencies represents average weighted quantities: arithmetic, geometric, harmonic, quadratic, etc. At the same time, the influence of the convolution type on the level of the complex quality index, the stability of the calculation results and, the reliability of the quality comparison among a number of similar objects is unknown in advance. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the influence of the average weighted type on the level and stability of the calculating results of the complex quality index in different objects compressing.

For typical private objects compared the values of the complex quality index calculated according to the formulas of various average weighted estimates. Significance of the corresponding unit quality indicators, incompleteness of the object description and control factors influence on the object took into account.

The results of the research were got using the method of virtual experiment planning. They showed that the influencing parameters changes, the calculated levels and stability of the complex quality index essentially depend on the type of convolution. It was shown that under the priori uncertainty of the necessary convolution for the best representative choosing of the corresponding class of objects, the arithmetic average weighted estimate is the best for using.

The obtained data can serve as a basis for an informed choice of the type of average weighted in the quality assessment of various objects and decision-making on rational levels of controlled factors.