The contact potential difference probes distinguished by great variety and produced mostly in the laboratory for specific experimental applications. As a rule, they consist of commercially available instrumentation, and have a number of disadvantages: large dimensions, complexity and high cost, small sensitivity, operating speed, noiseproof, etc. The purpose of this paper is to describe the basic approaches to design of the small dimension, complete contact potential difference probes, providing high sensitivity, operating speed, and noise immunity. In this paper the contact potential difference probe, which is a electrometer with dynamic capacitor plate at about 0.1–5 mm2 . These probes are could be used in scanning systems, such as a Scanning Kelvin Probe, as well as for controlling system of manufacturing processes, e.g. under friction. The design of such contact potential difference probes conducted using modern electronic components, unique circuitry and design solutions described in detail at paper. The electromechanical modulator applied for mechanical vibrations of the reference sample. To provide a high amplitude and phase stability the upgraded generator with Wien bridge was used instead traditional oscillation sensor. The preamplifier made on the base of modern operational amplifiers with femtoampere current input. The power of the preamplifier designed with «floating ground». It allows keeping the relation constant potential to the probe components when changing over a wide range the compensation voltage. The phase detector-integrator based on the electronic antiphase switches with the modulation frequency of the contact potential difference and the integrator. Fullwave phase detection would greatly increase the sensitivity of the probe. In addition, the application of the phase detection allows suppressing noise and crosstalk at frequencies different from the modulation frequency. The preamplifier and the reference sample mounted on a flexible printed circuit board and the edge mechanically connected with a vibrator. Modulator, phase detector-integrator, and other electronic components placed on a separate board. This design contributes to reduce the influence of electromagnetic interference and noise as well as removing microphonic effects, etc. 

The design of a gravi-inertial sensor with an elastically suspended sensing mass exhibiting a maximum sensitivity and minimum noise level is being studied. It is conceived that such a sensor contains a torsion mass-spring system, a capacitive pick-off circuit to detect motions of the sensing mass, and a capacitive system to reduce torsion stiffness. Both capacitive systems are combined into a single differential capacitance electrostatic system. The torsion stiffness is reduced by applying an electric field. Problems resulting from the electrostatic asymmetry of the differential system are studied analytically and numerically. The quasi-static and dynamic modes of the free movement of the sensing mass, in the absence of energy loss, are considered. The angular intervals of stability of the sensing mass movement in the electrostatic field, depending on the differential system asymmetry parameter and a frequency of free oscillations «proof mass», are calculated.

The use of passive shutters to control the duration of the light pulses is an important aspect in the miniature and microchip lasers. One of the key spectroscopic characteristics which determine the properties of the material, which can be used as a passive shutter is relaxation time of its bleached state.We describe a device for determination of relaxation time of the bleached state in optical materials by the «pump-probe» method in the sub-μs time domain. This device allows one to determine relaxation times for materials which absorb at the light wavelength of 1.5 μm, e.g., materials doped with cobalt ions Co²⁺. The results of test examinations of the device are described, and the relaxation time of the bleached state of Co2+ ions is measured for a novel material – transparent glass-ceramics with Co²⁺:Ga₂ O₃ nanophase – amounting to 190 ± 6 ns. 

It is now widely distributed systems stabilization based on gyroscopes with three-degree-freedom and based on gyroscopes with ball suspension. The accuracy and resource of operation of such systems requires an increase. The problem of improving the accuracy and increasing the service life of information – measuring systems of stabilization can be solved by using as a sensitive element of a dynamically tuned gyroscope. Today the issue of achieving the potential of the metrological characteristics of information-measuring systems stabilization on dynamically tuned gyroscope is not fully resolved. It requires the development of mathematical models, different from the known, detailed description of the perturbations acting on a device. In addition, it is necessary to develop structures amplifying-transforming paths of the contours stabilization of information-measuring systems of stabilization on dynamically tuned gyroscopes, assuring higher accuracy and noise immunity of the system, what is the purpose of the work. In using the Euler equations obtained a complete mathematical model of functioning system with three motion bases, in detail taking into account the disturbances acting on the device. Considered are the peculiarities of mathematical description of dynamically tuned gyroscope. Dominant frequencies of components noise is identified in the output signal of the gyroscope. The original scheme of the contours stabilization is presented, that help increase the accuracy of stabilization at low frequencies and of providing the absence of systematic drift of the gyrostabilizer from the action of the permanent disturbing moment along the axis of stabilization. The dynamic calculations show the possibility of providing error of stabilization on payload not more than 0,0042 degree. 

Gas-sensitive composition of tungsten oxide, prepared by sol gel method, with multiwall carbon nanotubes was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), measuring the electrical conductivity and surface area. Micro-power sensors (P ≤ 85 mW), containing WO3 ‑MWCNT as a sensing element were manufactured and tested. The greatest sensitivity to propane (≤ 400 %) was observed at substrate temperature below 200 ºC, while appreciable sensitivity to NO2 (≥ 300 %) was observed at higher temperatures (T ≈ 240 ºC or higher). Adding MWCNTs has no significant effect on sensitivity to hydrogen around the temperature range studied (current heating 21–75 mA). Gas sensor’s sensitivity to NO2 in a certain operating temperature range are more than 1000 %. The investigated gas-sensitive composition of tungsten oxide with MWCNTs is suitable for creating highly sensitive semiconductor sensors for combustible gases and nitrogen dioxide (including equipments for environmental air monitoring). The sensors have a high-speed response and recovery, and low power consumption. 

Laser emitters used in rangefinders without cooling have several limitations: low energy, high beam divergence at the cavity exit that leads to large output telescope design that significantly increases rangefinder’s size, long time beam parameters instability due to laser crystal heating. In the article laser emitter for a transmitting unit of rangefinder based on cylindrical laser medium Nd:YAG with transverse diode pumping abled to solve all the abovementioned promblems is considered. Matrix optics and balance equations were used for system modeling. The emitter is based on plano-concave scheme cavity with internal concave lens aimed for matching the size of TEM00 mode with the size of laser medium and cavity tuning to stability threshold which allows to achieve divergence of the output pulse at diffraction level for 5 mm diameter medium and 300 mm cavity length. Cavity reconfiguration and mode size compliance is conducted by the longitudinal movement of lens relative to the rear mirror. Three-, twoand one-sided pump schemes are compared in terms of rod energy absorption uniformity and their effectiveness. The three-sided pump scheme model with a system of gold coated reflectors was designed that provides 54 % efficiency of pump when the pump energy is distributed uniformly along the cross-section of the laser medium. Based on the modeling in ANSYS the scheme of laser medium thermal control in vacuum conditions was suggested that implies introduction heat-conducting glue between the side edge of a laser medium and quantron body that allows to low the active medium heating in the 8 min cycle by 35 °С. Beam pulse energy under pump of 1.2 Joule equals to about 0.3 Joule with the 4 ns pulse time and 2 Hz in frequency. 

The increase of angular dispersion and slit resolution limit of grating spectrometers by means of variation of grating parameters is limited by its period and allowable order of diffraction. The special solutions (echelle, holographic, immersion gratings) are acceptable in a limited parameter range and are technologically complex in fabrication, thus hardly applicable to instruments of mass production. We propose to decrease slit resolution limit by one-dimensional beam widening in dispersion plane by means of passing it through oblique prism before incidence onto diffraction grating. The increase of angular dispersion can be achieved by narrowing of dispersed beams after grating while passing through other oblique prism. We prove that slit resolution limit in such a system changes approximately as multiplied by angular magnification of the first prism (that is less than 1 times). Also angular dispersion changed approximately as multiplied by angular magnification of the second prism. The Fresnel reflection from the faces of prisms is analyzed. Accounting for that factor gives the increase of resolution about 1,4–1,6 times without loss of light (and can be 2 and more times while using anti-reflective coating). The proposed method is different from the similar ones first of all by its simplicity because it uses simple optical elements – plane reflective grating and thin prisms. It can be applied to amend the analytical characteristics of dispersive spectrometers, first of all the small-sized ones. 

Ellipsoidal photometry using Charge-Coupled Device (CCD photometry), as a new kind of optical diagnostics of scattering media in reflected and/or transmitted light, requires the development of specific principles of data analysis. The object of this work was substantiation the principles of ellipsoidal CCD photometry at implementation of a new data processing method of spatial distribution of scattered optical flux. Procedure of photometric analysis include the steps of determining the image significance, as well as the size, configuration and illuminance in its respective areas with regard to the criteria to optimize the shape and sensitivity of the zone. Zone analysis schemes of photometric images for media with a radially symmetric and directed scattering are developed. Recommended to use the method of comparison with etalon for studies the technical surfaces and turbid media to determine their roughness and optical characteristics, respectively. During the analysis of biological media, there is a possible of prognosis the spatial distribution of the brightness of the image by means of statistical modeling of optical radiation in the system «biological medium + ellipsoidal reflector». That confirmed by comparing results of the numerical (direct Monte Carlo simulation) and the real experiment for samples different thickness of muscle porcine tissue in vitro. Parameters of the optical radiation, which used as input data for the simulation, correspond to a laser wavelength of 632.8 nm with a Gaussian distribution profile of power of 2 mW. As a CCD detector was used monochrome camera DMK-21Au04.AS, and ellipsoidal reflector with an eccentricity of 0.66 and working aperture of 33.75 mm. Obtained results of zone distribution of illumination across the field in real experimental photometric images during biometrics showed correlation with the total transmission, absorption and diffuse scattering coefficients. This interdependence may be important part of improvement inverse methods of determination the optical parameters of biological media. 

In recent years new types of resist for nano and submicronic lithography are intensively developed. As perspective materials for resist various polymeric compositions on a basis thermally and mechanically resistant polymers are considered. The purpose of the real work was studying of possibility of application of a microindentation and scratching methods for research of strength properties of films of the polymeric resist applied on plates of single-crystal silicon. As an example films of positive diazoquinonenovolak photoresist 1,0–5,0 μm thick which were applied on plates of silicon of various brands with a centrifugation method were used. The comparative analysis of an microindentation and scratching methods for microhardness measurement of structures photoresist-silicon is carried out. It is shown that the scratching an edge of a tetrahedral diamond pyramid (a scratching method) is suitable for microhardness measurement of resistive films from 1,0 μm thick, at the same time the method of an microindentation can’t be used for measurements thin (h = 1,0–2,5 μm) photoresist films. When using the load P = 1–2 g, more accurate values of microhardness gives the scratching method. Value of the microhardness determined by a scratching method is 20–40 % more than value of the microhardness received by a microindentation method. The increase in loading to 10 g leads to leveling of the specified distinctions – the values of a microhardness received by both methods coincide. Radiation of resistive films changed the structure of resist films. It is results to correlation of microhardness values given on measurement as by a scratching method, and by an indentation method. 

To ensure the safety of radiation oncology patients needed to provide consistent functional characteristics of the medical linear accelerators, which affect the accuracy of dose delivery. To this end, their quality control procedures, which include the calibration of radiation output of the linac, the error in determining the dose reference value during which must not exceed 2 %, is provided. The aim is to develop a methodology for determining the error (difference between a measured value of quantity and its true value) in determining this value, depending on the characteristics of the collimator, the source to surface distance pointer, lasers, radiation field and treatment table. To achieve the objectives have been carried out dosimetric measurements of Trilogy S/N 3567 linac dose distributions, on the basis of which dose errors depending on the accuracy setting the zero position of the collimator, the deviation of the collimator rotation isocenter, the sourcesurface distance pointer accuracy, field size accuracy, the accuracy of lasers and treatment table positioning were obtained. It was found that the greatest impact on the value of the error has the error in the optical SSD indication and the error in the lasers position in the plane perpendicular to the plane of incidence of the radiation beam (up to 3.64 % for the energy of 6 MV). Dose errors caused by error in the field size were different for two photon energies, and reached 2.54 % for 6 MeV and 1.33% for 18 MeV. Errors caused by the rest of the characteristic do not exceed 1 %. Thus, it is possible to express the results of periodic quality control of these devices integrated in linac in terms of dose and use them to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the possibility of clinical use of a linear accelerator for oncology patients irradiation on the basis of the calibration of radiation output in case of development of techniques that allow to analyze the influence dosimetric characteristics the radiation beam. 

The high-usage measurement equipment for heat of combustion of organic fuels are bomb isoperibol calorimeters with a water thermostat. The stability of work of calorimeters at real conditions is important for maintenance of reliability of measurement results. The article purpose – the analysis of stability for parameters of calorimeters to environment changes. In this work influence room temperature (Тк) and heat exchange conditions on metrological characteristics of two models of calorimeters is considered with different degree of thermal protection: V-08МА and BIC 100. For calorimeters V-08МА the increase in a effective heat capacity (W) on 0,1 % by growth of Tк on everyone 5 °С is established. To use value W in all interval laboratory temperatures Tк = 14–28 °С it is necessary to correct W on 2,8 J/°C on everyone 1 °С changes of Tк. Updating W is required, if the correction exceeds error in determination W. For calorimeter BIC 100 it is not revealed dependences W from Tк. BIC 100 have constant-temperature cap, high stability a temperature in thermostat and stabilized heat exchange. It is established that an standard deviation of cooling constant for all calorimeters in direct proportional to standard deviation W. 

The simulation is carried out of physical and chemical characteristics of the unblended varietal young Moldovan wine harvested in 2014 by the projection to latent structures of the transmission spectra in the range of 220–2500 nm. The achieved accuracy of the regression determining the parameters is appropriate for practical application purposes (from 5 % for alcohol strength to 30 % for tartaric acid content in red wines). The possibility is shown of solving the problem of verification of the protected geographical indication of wines (IGP – Indication Géographique Protégée) by the multivariate analysis of broadband transmission spectra.