ЭТАПЫ РАЗВИТИЯ И СОСТОЯНИЕ РАЗРАБОТОК ГРАВИТАЦИОННЫХ ГРАДИЕНТОМЕТРОВ ДЛЯ ПОДВИЖНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ. (Обзор)

На основании анализа открытых литературных источников рассматриваются основные этапы создания гравитационных градиентометров для измерений неоднородности гравитационных полей с различных подвижных носителей, в том числе в условиях невесомости. Анализируется роль этих приборов в современной науке и технике. Описываются основные физические принципы, позволившие создать приборы, которые реально используются в настоящее время. Также описываются основные параметры этих приборов, характеризующие их качество. Цель данного исследования состояла в том, чтобы установить основные проблемы, которые приходиться решать при создании этих приборов и которые препятствуют их широкому внедрению в различные области науки и техники, сформулировать основные тенденции и состояние их разработки в настоящее время. Показывается, что существующие приборы являются слишком дорогими, тяжелыми и массивными, чтобы иметь возможность их широко применять как в условиях действия силы тяжести, так и в условиях невесомости. Описывается стремление разработчиков создавать более простые, надежные и малобюджетные приборы, в первую очередь предназначенные для использования на микроспутниках, созданию которых уделяется все большее внимание. Делается вывод, что разработки гравитационных градиентометров на основе технологий микромеханических электронных систем в настоящее время не могут преодолеть проблемы, связанные с уровнем шума, свойственные подобным приборам. Данное исследование в некоторой степени является обоснованием для следующей работы авторов, в которой будут изложены новые принципы построения гравитационных градиентометров, которые, возможно, позволят решить некоторые из проблем, описанных ниже. 

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