Приборы и методы измерений запылённости окружающей воздушной среды. Краткий обзор

Представлены основные характеристики переносимых воздухом микро/наночастиц, их влияние на здоровье человека и нормативы качества воздушной среды. Международные стандарты классифицируют микрочастицы по размеру (PM10, PM2,5, PM1, UFP), определяют предельно допустимые концентрации и методики их контроля. Особое внимание уделяется контролю углероди вируссодержащих микрочастиц. Для мониторинга воздушной среды в закрытых помещениях, в транспорте требуются портативные датчики микро-, наночастиц с возможностями их классификации по размеру и электрофизическим характеристикам.

Детектирование микрочастиц включает сортировку попадающих в детектор микро/наночастиц по размеру и типу материала и собственно детектирование однотипных частиц с последующей классификацией по размеру, электрофизическим и морфологическим характеристикам. Разделение нано и микрочастиц по размеру перед детектированием повышает чувствительность и селективность детектора как по размерам, так и по материалу. Для интеграции в сенсоре Lab-on-Chip типа рассмотрены методы виртуального импактора и диэлектрофореза. Детектирование микрочастиц осуществляется с выделением дисперсной фазы из аэрозоля с последующим анализом либо непосредственно в воздушном потоке. Приведена классификация методов детектирования по быстродействию и функциональным возможностям. Среди методов детектирования частиц микронных и субмикронных размеров наиболее пригодны для миниатюризации и серийного изготовления Lab-on-Chip сенсоров мультиволновые фотоэлектрические, МЭМС, конденсаторные элементы.

Технологии микроэлектромеханики, микрофлюидики и микрооптики позволяют создавать портативные сенсорные системы типа Lab-on-Chip для детектирования твёрдых частиц микронного и субмикронного размера. Представлен прототип детектора микро-, наночастиц на основе алюмооксидной технологии с использованием МЭМС элементов для компактного сенсора Lab-on-Сhip типа. Предлагаемая конструкция многофункционального портативного детектора микро/наночастиц воздушной (газовой) среды перспективна для применения в промышленности, транспорте, медицине, общественных и жилых помещениях.

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