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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pimi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Приборы и методы измерений</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Devices and Methods of Measurements</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2220-9506</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2414-0473</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BNTU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-83-92</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pimi-766</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Средства измерений</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Measuring instruments</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Прогнозирование динамических характеристик термопар с тонкопроволочными чувствительными элементами</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Prediction of Dynamic Characteristics of Thermocouples with Thin-Wire Sensing Elements</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафина</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Safina</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Адрес для переписки: Сафина И.А. – Казанский национальный исследовательский технический университет имени А.Н. Туполева – КАИ, ул. К. Маркса, 10, г. Казань 420111, e-mail: Sab-ilnata@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Address for correspondence: Safina I.A.- A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, Marx str., 10, Kazan 420111, Tatarstan, Russia e-mail: Sab-ilnata@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Sab-ilnata@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Артемьева</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Artemyeva</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. К. Маркса, 10, г. Казань 420111</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marx str., 10, Kazan 420111, Tatarstan, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский национальный исследовательский технический университет имени А.Н. Туполева – КАИ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>83</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сафина И.А., Артемьева С.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сафина И.А., Артемьева С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Safina I.A., Artemyeva S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://pimi.bntu.by/jour/article/view/766">https://pimi.bntu.by/jour/article/view/766</self-uri><abstract><p>Прогнозирование динамических характеристик термопар является одним из актуальных направлений в области динамических измерений нестационарных температур жидких и газообразных сред. Прогнозирование динамических характеристик термопар позволяет обеспечить эффективную непрерывную коррекцию в системах автоматического управления нестационарной температурой. Целью данной работы являлась разработка теоретически обоснованного соотношения, связывающего текущую или ожидаемую постоянную времени тонкопроволочных термопар, с известной постоянной времени, установленной при известных параметрах жидких и газообразных сред.</p><p>Выведено выражение, связывающее постоянную времени тонкопроволочных термопар с условиями теплообмена с измеряемой средой и теплофизическими характеристиками чувствительных элементов термопар. Получена также приближённая формула для расчёта внутреннего сопротивления проволочных чувствительных элементов термопар, которое необходимо учитывать при вычислении постоянной времени термопары. С учётом полученных выражений сформировано многопараметрическое соотношение, связывающее текущую или ожидаемую постоянную времени тонкопроволочных термопар, с известной постоянной времени, установленной при известных параметрах измеряемых сред.</p><p>Сформированное многопараметрическое соотношение предложено упростить и сделать зависимым, например, от комплекса «ожидаемая скорость измеряемой среды × ожидаемая плотность измеряемой среды» (Vm2 ρm2 ). Для воздушного потока при различных температурах, давлении и скорости получены упрощённые соотношения в виде гиперболических функций с постоянными параметрами и аргументом в форме комплекса Vm2 ρm2.</p><p>На примере воздушного потока показано, что сложное многопараметрическое соотношение,</p><p>связывающее ожидаемую и известную постоянные времени термопар, можно упростить до гиперболической зависимости, где аргументом может выступить комплекс Vm2 ρm2. Причём степень приближения гиперболических зависимостей к точным значениям многопараметрического соотношения может достигать по критерию R-square = 0.9592.</p><p>Предложено точное с точки зрения теории теплообмена и теплопроводности многопараметрическое соотношение, связывающее известную постоянную времени термопары с ожидаемой или текущей постоянной времени этой же термопары при иных параметрах измеряемой среды. Предложенное соотношение может быть использовано в системах автоматического управления нестационарной температурой различных жидких или газообразных сред для обеспечения непрерывной коррекции динамических характеристик термопар. В зависимости от числа измеряемых параметров среды предложенное многопараметрическое соотношение может быть заменено упрощёнными измеряемой соотношениями с другими комплексами, содержащими, например, плотность, скорость, расход и давление среды.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Thermocouples dynamic characteristicsʼ prediction is one of the relevant directions in the field of dynamic measurements of non-stationary temperatures of liquid and gaseous media. Thermocouples dynamic characteristicsʼ prediction makes it possible to provide effective continuous correction in automatic control systems for non-stationary temperatures. The purpose of this paper was to develop a theoretically justified relation linking the current or expected time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the known time constant established at known parameters of liquid and gaseous media.</p><p>A formula linking the time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the conditions of heat exchange with the measured medium and the thermophysical characteristics of the thermocouple sensing elements has been deducted. An approximate formula is also given for calculating the internal resistance of wire sensing elements of thermocouples, which must be considered when calculating the time constant of a thermocouple. In consideration of the obtained formulas, a multi-parameter relation linking the current or expected time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the known time constant set at the known parameters of the measured media has been formed.</p><p>It is suggested to simplify the formed multi-parameter relation and make it dependent, for example, on the “expected velocity of the measured medium × expected density of the measured medium” complex (Vm2 ρm2 ). Simplified relations in the form of hyperbolic functions with constant parameters and argument in the form of Vm2 ρm2 complex were obtained for airflowat different temperatures, pressures, and velocities.</p><p>On the example of airflow, it is shown that the complex multi-parametric relation linking the expected</p><p>and known time constants of thermocouples can be simplified to a hyperbolic dependence, where the argument can be the Vm2 ρm2 complex. Moreover, the degree of approximation of hyperbolic dependencies to the exact values of the multi-parametric relation can reach the R-square = 0.9592 criterion.</p><p>A multi-parametric relation has been proposed. That relates the known time constant of a thermocouple to the expected or current time constant of the same thermocouple at other parameters of the measured medium from the point of view of the heat exchange and thermal conduction theory. The proposed relation can be used in automatic control systems of non-stationary temperature of various liquid or gaseous media to provide continuous correction of thermocouples dynamic characteristics. Depending on the number of measured medium parameters, the suggested multi-parameter relation can be replaced by simplified relations with other complexes containing, for example, density, velocity, flow rate and pressure of the measured medium.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>термопара</kwd><kwd>динамические характеристики</kwd><kwd>передаточная функция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thermocouple</kwd><kwd>dynamic characteristics</kwd><kwd>transmission function</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wittenmark B., Middleton R.H., Goodwin G.C. Adaptive Decoupling of Multivariable Systems. International Journal of Control, 1987, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 1992– 2009. DOI: 10.1080/00207178708934029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wittenmark B., Middleton R.H., Goodwin G.C. Adaptive Decoupling of Multivariable Systems. 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