<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pimi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Приборы и методы измерений</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Devices and Methods of Measurements</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2220-9506</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2414-0473</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BNTU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21122/2220-9506-2020-11-2-105-113</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pimi-647</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Средства измерений</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Measuring instruments</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Система оценки эффективности устройств временного ослепления</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>System for Assessing the Effectiveness of Temporary Blinding Devices</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Терехова</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Terekhova</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Адрес для переписки: М.С. Терехова – Научно-технический центр «ЛЭМТ» БелОМО, ул. Макаёнка, 23/1, г. Минск 220114     terekhova.m.s@yandex.by</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Address for correspondence: M. Terekhova – Scientific and Technical Center LEMT of the BelOMO, Makayonok str., 23/1, Minsk 220114, Belarus       e-mail: terekhova.m.s@yandex.by</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">terekhova.m.s@yandex.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рудиков,</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudikov</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Макаёнка, 23/1, г. Минск 220114</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шумский</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shumski</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Макаёнка, 23/1, г. Минск 220114</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шкадаревич</surname><given-names>А. .П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shkadarevich</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Макаёнка, 23/1, г. Минск 220114</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-технический центр «ЛЭМТ» БелОМО</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific and Technical Center LEMT of the BelOMO</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>115</fpage><lpage>113</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Терехова М.С., Рудиков, С.И., Шумский А.П., Шкадаревич А..., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Терехова М.С., Рудиков, С.И., Шумский А.П., Шкадаревич А...</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Terekhova M.S., Rudikov S.I., Shumski A.P., Shkadarevich A.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://pimi.bntu.by/jour/article/view/647">https://pimi.bntu.by/jour/article/view/647</self-uri><abstract><p>Разработка оружия нелетального действия, в частности устройств временного ослепления, сопряжена с проблемой выбора эффективных границ действия. Целью данной работы являлось установление критериев оценки действия устройств постановки зрительных помех невооружённому глазу.</p><p>Для определения эффективности действия представленных на рынке лазерных устройств временного ослепления обычно используется система оценки, основанная на предельно допустимом уровне излучения и/или предельной интенсивности излучения для выбранного класса опасности в соответствии с действующим стандартом.</p><p>В данной работе проведён анализ и моделирование ситуаций применения устройств временного ослепления на основе лазеров. Предложена система оценки, основанная как на международном стандарте IEC 60825-1-2014, так и на руководстве по лазерным излучателям в аспекте безопасности полётов. Моделирование воздействия яркого излучения на глаз наблюдателя базировалось на основном уравнении слепящей блесткости (CIE General Disability Glare Equation) и обеспечивало количественную оценку эффективности постановки помех. В качестве основных параметров в модели использовались величины яркости засветки и угол различения объектов под ней, которые определялись параметрами человеческого глаза и внешней среды.</p><p>По уровню экспозиции и проявляемому эффекту было выделено шесть зон – запрещённая, опасная, временного ослепления, дискомфортная, оповещения, полностью безопасная. В совокупности с моделированием данная система позволяет описать физиологические ощущения человека, дать наглядное изображение воспринимаемого источника света и установить факт постановки помех на различных расстояниях. Эта система была положена в основу разработки устройства временного ослепления для выявления безопасных и эффективных пространственных границ действия.</p><p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The development of non-lethal weapons and, in particular, temporary blinding devices is associated with problem of choosing boundaries of effectiveness. The aim of present work is determination of criteria for estimation of the effects of visual jamming devices action on the naked eye.</p><p>The present-day scoring system used for effectiveness estimation of laser temporary blinding devices is based on maximum permissible exposure and/or accessible emission level defined for each hazard class in accordance with operating standard.</p><p>In the present work we carried out analysis and modeling of the cases of application of temporary blinding laser devices. The proposed scoring system was founded on international standard IEC 60825-1-2014 as well as Manual on Laser Emitters and Flight Safety. The modeling of bright light action on observer eye was rested on CIE General Disability Glare Equation and provided quantitative description of jamming effectiveness. The main parameters used in this model and dictated by ambient light level and human eye characteristics, were veiling luminance and angle of distinguishing objects under it.</p><p>In terms of exposition level and perception effects we determined six zones – unallowed, hazard, temporary blinding, discomfort, alerting, completely safe. Proposed system combined with modeling provides with visual demonstration of perceived light source and allows to describe human physiological sensation and to establish the fact of jamming at different distances. This system was the basis of the development of temporary blinding device for revelation of safe but effective spatial boundaries of action.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>даззлер</kwd><kwd>временное ослепление</kwd><kwd>класс опасности</kwd><kwd>яркость засветки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>dazzle</kwd><kwd>temporary blindning</kwd><kwd>hazard class</kwd><kwd>veiling luminance.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoffberger E. Non-lethal weapons: The Principle of proportionality in armed conflict and the right to health in law enforcement. Zb Pravnog Fak Sveučilišta U Rijeci, 2017, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 831–853. DOI: 10.30925/zpfsr.38.2.6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoffberger E. Non-lethal weapons: The Principle of proportionality in armed conflict and the right to health in law enforcement. Zb Pravnog Fak Sveučilišta U Rijeci, 2017, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 831–853. DOI: 10.30925/zpfsr.38.2.6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peters A. Blinding Laser Weapons: New Limits on the Technology of Warfare. Loy LA Int’l &amp; Comp LJ, 1996, vol. 18, pp. 733–766.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peters A. Blinding Laser Weapons: New Limits on the Technology of Warfare. Loy LA Int’l &amp; Comp LJ, 1996, vol. 18, pp. 733–766.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giridhar P., Dandona R., Prasad M.N., Kovai V., Dandona L. Fear of Blindness and Perceptions about Blind People. The Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study. INDIAN J Ophthalmol, 2002, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giridhar P., Dandona R., Prasad M.N., Kovai V., Dandona L. Fear of Blindness and Perceptions about Blind People. The Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study. INDIAN J Ophthalmol, 2002, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bullough J.D., Sweater-Hickcox K., Narendran N. A method for estimating discomfort glare from exterior lighting system. Alliance Solid-State Illum Syst Technol, 2011, vol. 9, pp. 1–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bullough J.D., Sweater-Hickcox K., Narendran N. A method for estimating discomfort glare from exterior lighting system. Alliance Solid-State Illum Syst Technol, 2011, vol. 9, pp. 1–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clear R. Discomfort glare: What do we actually know? Light Res Technol, 2013, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 141– 158. DOI: 10.1177/1477153512444527</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clear R. Discomfort glare: What do we actually know? Light Res Technol, 2013, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 141– 158. DOI: 10.1177/1477153512444527</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tyukhova Y.I. Discomfort glare from small, high luminance light sources in outdoor nighttime environments. Architectural Engineering − Dissertations and Student Research. Lincoln, 2015, 295 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tyukhova Y.I. Discomfort glare from small, high luminance light sources in outdoor nighttime environments. Architectural Engineering − Dissertations and Student Research. Lincoln, 2015, 295 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Denniston A., Murray P. Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology. OUP Oxford, 2014, 1108 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denniston A., Murray P. Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology. OUP Oxford, 2014, 1108 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">IKAO [ICAO]. Available at: https://www.favt.ru/dejatelnost-mezhdunarodnaja-dejatelnostikao/?id=796 (accessed 17 September 2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">IKAO [ICAO]. Available at: https://www.favt.ru/dejatelnost-mezhdunarodnaja-dejatelnostikao/?id=796 (accessed 17 September 2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vos J.J. On the cause of disability glare and its dependence on glare angle, age and ocular pigmentation. Clin Exp. Optom., 2003, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 363–370. DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03080.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vos J.J. On the cause of disability glare and its dependence on glare angle, age and ocular pigmentation. Clin Exp. Optom., 2003, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 363–370. DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03080.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williamson C.A. Simple computer visualization of laser eye dazzle. J Laser Appl., 2016, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 012003. DOI: 10.2351/1.4932620</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williamson C.A. Simple computer visualization of laser eye dazzle. J Laser Appl., 2016, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 012003. DOI: 10.2351/1.4932620</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williamson C.A., McLin L.N. Nominal ocular dazzle distance (NODD). Appl. Opt., 2015, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 1564. DOI: 10.1364/AO.54.001564</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williamson C.A., McLin L.N. Nominal ocular dazzle distance (NODD). Appl. Opt., 2015, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 1564. DOI: 10.1364/AO.54.001564</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vandewal M., Eeckhout M., Budin D. Estimation of Laser Dazzle Effects on Shooting Performance. Hum Factors Mech. Eng. Def. Saf., 2019, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 12. DOI: 10.1007/s41314-019-0028-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vandewal M., Eeckhout M., Budin D. Estimation of Laser Dazzle Effects on Shooting Performance. Hum Factors Mech. Eng. Def. Saf., 2019, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 12. DOI: 10.1007/s41314-019-0028-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
